In celebration of Black History Month, Docomomo US is sharing an effort to preserve the Mafundi building, significant for both its cultural importance to the Black community in Watts as well its architectural pedigree, designed by two Black modernist architects, Robert Kennard and Arthur (Art) Silvers. 

This article was first published by the University of South California School of Architecture. Thank you to USC Architecture and the author Cindy Olnick for allowing us to reprint it here, with some additions by Docomomo US (see end for details). 

Rita Cofield (MHC ’21) doesn’t need to look far to use her new Master of Heritage Conservation degree. A lifelong resident of L.A.’s Watts neighborhood, she’s working to protect a building (designed by USC Architecture alumni Robert Kennard and Arthur (Art) Silvers) in her own backyard. 

Known originally as the Watts Happening Cultural Center, and also known as the Mafundi building, the 1969 modernist structure at 1827 East 103rd Street is on a site slated for redevelopment. Cofield’s nominating the building for local landmark (Historic-Cultural Monument, or HCM) designation while advocating with neighbors and elected officials to return the building to its historic use as a cultural arts center for homegrown artists of all disciplines.

“We want to remind our community that it’s not just about the struggles our community has gone through, but it’s about the triumphs as well,” Cofield told a Spectrum News 1 reporter in November 2020.

The Mafundi building exemplifies both the neighborhood’s identity and the power of art. “Art is a big part of healing,” says Cofield, a creative person herself. “Art helped the community heal after the Rebellion.”

She’s referring to the 1965 Watts Rebellion, a six-day uprising that culminated decades of underinvestment, discrimination, and other forms of systemic racism. The roots of the Mafundi building date back to the months following the unrest, when neighborhood youth converted an abandoned building into a performing arts center. The Watts Happening Coffee House blended food, music, theatre, writing, visual art, health fairs, book clubs, and more to foster Black empowerment and self-worth. 

By the community, for the community

After the 1965 Watts Uprising, USC Architecture alumni Robert Kennard and Arthur (Art) Silvers partnered with Pollak, Barsocchini, and Associates and the Community Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles to create a plan to rebuild the infrastructure of Watts. The design included connecting bridges, garden courts, and a new type of architecture style called Afro-Western architecture. This style combined contemporary American architecture with shapes that represent the African culture (square, circle, rectangle, and triangle). A simliar influence is seen in the nearby 102nd Street Elementary School (now the Florence Griffith Joyner Elementary School), another Kennard and Silvers project, completed in 1972. 

It is unclear if this style was incorporated in the Mafundi building, and more research is currently being conducted. The Watts Masterplan was never fulfilled, instead the city slowly rebuilt the community one building at a time. The Mafundi building is one of those piecemeal projects.

The two-story, white stucco structure was designed by Kennard and Silvers. Partners at the time, both architects were influenced by the modernism of Richard Neutra, Victor Gruen, and Paul R. Williams. Kennard and Silvers were as much activists as architects, particularly when it came to the next generation. As African Americans, they “made it their mission to encourage and mentor young people, especially underrepresented ethnicities, to pursue careers in architecture and urban planning,” writes Cofield in the HCM nomination. “They made sure students were also aware of social justice issues as they themselves navigated inequalities as professionals.” 

In 1974, the architectural exhibition The Three Worlds of Los Angeles was organized by Russian émigré Beata Inaya, an enthusiastic advocate of modern architecture and a close friend of Rudolph Schindler. One of the three "worlds" focused on projects that had been completed in the Watts neighborhood and surround areas since the 1965 Rebellion, by primarily Black architects and their firms. 

In 1969, the organization moved to its new building, setting up shop as the Watts Happening Cultural Center. The building has been an anchor for many cultural and social service organizations over the years, including the New Watts Writers Workshop, created by poet Amde Hamilton of the renowned Watts Prophets. 

From 1969 to 1975, it housed the Mafundi Institute, named for the Swahili word for craftspeople or artisans. The cultural academy gave Black artists creative space and freedom, fostering self-empowerment, community identity, and African aesthetics. In 1972, artist Elliott Pinkney created a mural on the northeast façade depicting the institute’s logo: from the silhouette of a young Black man radiate other silhouettes in the Pan-African colors of red, green, and black.

Now officially named the Robert Pitts Westminster Neighborhood Center (after the first black Regional Administrator of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development), the building houses the Los Angeles Education Corps and the Watts Coffee House. The latter is a soul food restaurant that’s been there since 1995 and was recognized as a Legacy Business by the Los Angeles Conservancy. Its walls are covered in memorabilia including classic albums, headshots of up-and-coming actors, autographs by the likes of Steve Harvey, even a note from one of the architects, Art Silvers.

But which community?

The building is owned by the City of Los Angeles, which solicited bids last year for a land lease to develop the site for housing and mixed use. The request for proposals (RFP) prioritizes projects that keep the Watts Coffee House as a tenant, and those that “make a clear connection to” the site’s heritage. It mentions adaptive reuse but does not require keeping the existing building, even though the site can accommodate its integration with new construction.

“[The City] says the housing is for the community,” says Cofield. “But is it for the community that’s there now?” 

As is common, particularly in underinvested communities, some neighbors think “new is better” and favor all-new development on the site. Cofield urges a compromise. “We don’t want to stop progress,” she says, “but we don’t want progress to push out who’s already there.”

Cofield and other community members have met with Councilmember Joe Buscaino, whose district includes the Mafundi building. She says he acknowledged the need to “do better” regarding arts and culture in Watts. “Well,” she replied, “here’s your opportunity.” 

Stories and self-determination

Watts exemplifies long-neglected neighborhoods now facing the double-edged sword of attention and gentrification. With tens of millions of dollars pouring into neighborhood development, people like Cofield want to make sure the community has a significant say and retains the benefits.

Even as cities like Los Angeles take steps toward equitable development, large bids have historically favored wealthy, white developers. It remains to be seen if the City will turn the tide. As encouragement, Cofield points to case studies of cities like Pittsburgh that are trying to foster employee ownership of legacy businesses. Project Equity does similar work.

Self-determination for Watts residents also means owning their stories. Cofield chafes at calls to “reimagine” the neighborhood. “‘Reimagining’ is sanitizing,” she says. “We don’t need to be sanitized. We come from a legacy of greatness. We need to take back the narrative of Watts—good, bad, and ugly.” 

Like most people in heritage conservation, Cofield sees things as they are but envisions what could be. Her vision stems from the Watts of the 1920s. “It was said that most every home had a piano,” she says. “You could walk down the streets of Watts and hear people playing music. Those of us advocating for the salvation of the Mafundi building also want to see Watts return as the ‘Hub of the Universe.’”

Preserving the Watts Happening Cultural Center is a critical step in maintaining the neighborhood’s identity and providing, as she writes in the HCM nomination, “a beacon of community resilience; a place that develops and implements programs and services which foster the spirit of Mafundi.” 

Postscript

The Mafundi building exemplifies the important places in communities of color that are vastly underrepresented among designated landmarks. To help close the gap, the California Preservation Foundation will launch a new grant program in mid-2021, with seed funding from longtime advocates Stephen and Sherry Schafer, to expand the diversity of California properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The USC Heritage Conservation Program looks forward to working with CPF to pilot this new initiative.

For more information about the life of Robert Kennard, refer to "An odyssey in B-flat: rediscovering the life and times of master architect Robert A. Kennard," a master's thesis for the USC Heritage Conservation Program written by Jerome Robinson. 

About the Author

Cindy Olnick is a communications consultant for historic places and preservation. From 2004 to 2018, she created and led the communications program for the Los Angeles Conservancy. In her own practice, Cindy helps people save historic places by clarifying their purpose, audience, and messaging. She also works on national efforts to advance preservation through communications. Cindy co-hosts Save As, a podcast showcasing innovative research by graduate students in the University of Southern California’s Heritage Conservation Program. A Georgia native, she moved from Boston to Los Angeles in 2000 to be with modern architecture and the people who love it. More at cindyolnick.com.  

We added information about the Watts Masterplan, other buildings designed by Kennard & Silvers in the area, and the 1974 Three Worlds of Los Angeles exhibition.